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Flocculation is a process whereby small particles in suspension are caused to aggregate, giving large clusters (flocs) that are much more easily separated than the original particles. The process is in widespread use in many industrial applications.
What is flocculated suspension in pharmacy?
In flocculated suspension the loose structure of the rapidly sedimenting flocs tends to preserve in the sediment, which contains an appreciable amount of entrapped liquid. The volume of final sediment is thus relatively large and is easily redispersed by agitation.
What are the differences between flocculated and non flocculated suspension?
The suspension are said to be flocculated ,when the individual particles are in contact with each other and form a network like structure . Whereas in case of non-flocculated suspensions,the individual particles exists as a separate entity. In Non-flocculated suspensions The rate of sedimentation is slow.
What is flocculant for?
Used in a wide range of industries and applications, flocculants help to remove suspended solids from wastewater by aggregating contaminants into flakes or “flocs” that float to the surface of the water or settle at the bottom. They can also be used for lime softening, sludge thickening, and solids dehydration.
What do u mean by flocculation?
Flocculation is a two-step particle aggregation process in which a large number of small particles form a small number large flocs. Step 1: Coagulation. Small particles usually carry negative surface charges that hinder aggregation and settling (1a).
How many types of suspension are there in pharmacy?
Based on the route of administration, suspensions can be classified as oral, topical, ophthalmic, otic, or nasal suspensions. Each of these present unique challenges and requirements in terms of desired quality attributes. These are briefly described as follows: 1.
How will you maintain stability of suspension?
Particle radius (a) will have a large bearing on suspension stability. To maintain stability through Brownian motion we need to prevent particles sticking when they collide. This can be achieved by increasing the charge associated with the particle i.e. zeta potential.
What is the purpose in adding suspending agents in suspensions?
By reducing particle size, by increasing the viscosity, and by increasing the density of the external phase, we may retard settling. Suspending agents are physiologically inert substances which increase viscosity when added to suspensions.
What are 3 different methods of water treatment?
The most common types of household water treatment systems consist of:
- Filtration Systems. A water filter is a device which removes impurities from water by means of a physical barrier, chemical, and/or biological process.
- Water Softeners.
- Distillation Systems.
- Disinfection.
How do you make suspension drugs?
Gently shake the bottle to loosen the powder. Open the cap. Carefully add cool boiled water to about half the height of the final marking on the bottle.
What is flocculant made of?
Aluminum sulfate or alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ferric sulfate (Fe(SO4)3) are the most widely used flocculants [1, 70].
What are 5 examples of suspension?
Examples of Suspension
- Muddy water.
- Milk of magnesia.
- Sand particles suspended in water.
- Flour in water.
- Slaked lime for whitewashing.
- Paints in which dyes are suspended in turpentine oil.
What are suspending agents?
: a substance (such as carrageenan, xanthan gum, or cellulose ether) that is added to fluids to promote particle suspension or dispersion and reduce sedimentation All these drinks can contain preservatives, and drinks other than juices can contain additives to colour, flavour and sweeten.
How do you create a suspension?
A suspension happens when a note from a chord is held over (or repeated) in the following chord, creating a brief dissonance with the bass. The held note then falls to a note belonging to the second chord.
How do you evaluate suspension?
Prepared suspension were evaluated by studying different parameters like pH, sedimentation volume, redispersibility, Flow rate (F), viscosity, degree of flocculation, effect of temperature etc.
Which suspension is best?
The best front shock absorbers are the ones from the leaders in suspension.
- Bilstein B8 5100 Series Shock Absorbers.
- Skyjacker Hydro 7000 Shock Absorbers.
- Rancho RS9000XL Series Shock.
- Bilstein B6 Performance Shock Absorbers.
- Skyjacker Nitro 8000 Shock Absorbers.
- Eibach Pro-Truck Shocks.
- Fabtech FTS Shock Absorbers.
Why are some drugs suspended?
Substances can be chemically unstable, insoluble in water, distasteful etc. Suspensions are often used as a dosage form when the drug is insoluble in water and when use of solubilizing agents is not possible.
Why do Flocculated particles not cake?
Repulsive forces between particles are overcome and a hard cake is formed which is difficult, if not impossible, to redisperse. The sediment is loosely packed and possesses a scaffold-like structure (large volume of final sediment). Particles do not bond tightly to each other and a hard, dense cake does not form.
Which is desirable suspension?
Desirable properties of suspensions are that they should have good organoleptic properties, suspensions should possess good pourability leading to ease of removal of dose from container, the particle size distribution should be uniform, there should be ease of re dispersion of settled solid particles, they should be Dec 8, 2015
How do you make flocculated suspension?
Preparation of various types suspensions and determination of their sedimentation parameters
- Electrolyte and ionic surfactant can be used as flocculating agents to produce a flocculated suspension.
- The physical stability of the suspension is assist by determining the sedimentation volume or degree of flocculation.
Why suspension is formulated?
Suspension can improve chemical stability of certain drug. For example Procaine penicillin G. Drug in suspension exhibits higher rate of bioavailability than other dosage forms.
Is Redisperse difficult?
The repulsive forces between individual particles allow them to slip past each other as they sediment. The slow rate of settling prevents the entrapment of liquid within the sediment, which thus becomes compacted and can be very difficult to redisperse.
What are the features of flocculated suspension?
Flocculated suspensions In this suspension type, the structure of the aggregates is quite rigid; hence they settle quickly to form a high sediment height and are easily redispersible because the particles constituting individual aggregates are sufficiently far apart from one another to preclude caking.
Which one of properties is applicable to suspension?
The properties of suspension are listed below. A suspension is a heterogeneous solution in which, while standing, several particles move out of the mixture. In a suspension, the volume of the solvent particles is quite high. It has a length of more than 100 mm.
Which suspension is preferred Flocculated or Deflocculated?
There are suspensions that can be either flocculated or deflocculated. The main difference between flocculated and deflocculated suspension is that the rate of sedimentation in a flocculated suspension is rapid whereas the rate of sedimentation in a deflocculated suspension is slow.
