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Hardy-Schulze law states that ‘the greater the valence of the flocculating ion added, the greater is its power to cause precipitation’. Thus, the modified Hardy-Schulze law can be stated as ‘the greater the polarising power of the flocculating ion added, the greater is its power to cause precipitation.
What is the rule of Hardy Schulze explain?
Hardy schulze rule states that greater is the valency of of oppositely charged ion of the electrolyte being added, Faster is coagulation. The principle is electrostatic forces of attraction. Greater the valency of flocculationg ion, greater is the coagulation power.
What is flocculating ion?
Coagulation or precipitation:-it is a process of aggregating together the colloidal particle so as to change them into large sized particles which ultimately settles as a precipitate. The ion which is responsible for neutralization of charge on the colloidal particles is called the coagulating ion or Flocculating ion.
What is flocculation value?
Flocculation value is defined as the minimum concentration required of an electrolyte to cause the coagulation or flocculation of a solution. Flocculation value is inversely proportional to the coagulating power of the ion.
What do you mean by coagulation value?
“The minimum concentration of electrolyte in millimoles required to cause coagulation of one litre of colloidal solution is called coagulation value”. Additional Information: Coagulation is also known as flocculation or precipitation.
What is the difference between flocculant and coagulant?
Coagulation is a chemical process. Flocculation is a physical process. Coagulants such as inorganic salts of aluminum or iron that neutralize the suspended particles are added during coagulation. Flocculant such as an organic polymer that involves in bridging and strengthening the flocs is added.
What can be used as a flocculant?
The following natural products are used as flocculants: Chitosan. Isinglass. Moringa oleifera seeds (Horseradish Tree) Gelatin. Strychnos potatorum seeds (Nirmali nut tree) Guar gum. Alginates (brown seaweed extracts).
What is an example of flocculation?
Flocculation and coagulation treatment chemicals are used in effluent wastewater water treatment processes for solids removal, water clarification, lime softening, sludge thickening, and solids dewatering. Examples of ChemTreat coagulation products include aluminum salts, iron salts, and polyelectrolytes.
Which has maximum flocculation value?
Lower the coagulation value, more efficient is the electrolyte in causing coagulation of sol. We can say coagulation value is inversely proportional flocculation value. having lowest charge will have minimum power and hence have maximum flocculation value. Thus, the correct option is C.
How do you calculate flocculating value?
Complete step by step solution: “The minimum concentration of an electrolyte that is required to cause the coagulation or flocculation of a sol is known as flocculation value.” It is expressed in terms of millimoles per litre. 2 mL of 1 M NaCl contains 2 / 1000 mol = 2 millimole.
Is soap a sol?
A sol is a combination of a solid that is evenly dispersed throughout a fluid. Since, in Soap dispersion medium is liquid and dispersed phase is gas. And after going through the classification of colloidal solution as written above, we can simply conclude that Soap is an example of Foam.
What is the coagulation process?
Coagulation, in physiology, the process by which a blood clot is formed. The formation of a clot is often referred to as secondary hemostasis, because it forms the second stage in the process of arresting the loss of blood from a ruptured vessel.
What is coagulation explain with example?
Coagulation is the breakdown of a colloid by changing the pH or charges in the solution. Making yogurt is an example of coagulation wherein particles in the milk colloid fall out of solution as the result of a change in pH, clumping into a large coagulate.
Is coagulation and clotting the same thing?
Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair.
Is alum a coagulant or flocculant?
To accomplish this, the water is treated with aluminum sulfate, commonly called alum, which serves as a flocculant. Raw water often holds tiny suspended particles that are very difficult for a filter to catch. Alum causes them to clump together so that they can settle out of the water or be easily trapped by a filter.
What is the best coagulant?
The best coagulant is therefore a pre-hydrolysed species with a high basicity. PACl has been found to be very suitable for lime softening applications.
Is gypsum a flocculant?
Gypsum can coagulate or bridge clay particles, which accelerates settling. Flocculants should be used to prevent damage to sensitive water resources such as ponds, lakes and trout streams or whenever turbidity control is required. The best thing to do is a jar or bucket test using slightly varying rates of gypsum.
Can you add too much flocculant?
Too much floc can detract from the beauty of your pool. Flocculants are substances that help clear the cloudiness and restore the clarity to your swimming pool water. You can use too much floc, however.
How often can you use flocculant?
You can reuse a clarifier after 5-7 days, but if you’re constantly seeing cloudy water, there may be other problems. Adding too much flocculant can cause its own issues.
What makes a good flocculant?
Polymers are useful as flocculants because they are robust molecules and sometimes carry charges. Because they are so large, small particles can get trapped in the curves of the polymer causing them to accumulate a mass heavy enough to prevent their retention in solution.
Where is flocculation used?
Flocculation is a process by which a chemical coagulant added to the water acts to facilitate bonding between particles, creating larger aggregates which are easier to separate. The method is widely used in water treatment plants and can also be applied to sample processing for monitoring applications.
What two chemicals are commonly used as water coagulants?
Aluminum sulfate (alum) is the most common coagulant used for water purification. Other chemicals, such as ferric sulfate or sodium aluminate, may also be used.
Is FeCl3 a coagulant?
Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is the most common iron salt used to achieve coagulation. Its reactions in the coagulation process are similar to those of alum, but its relative solubility and pH range differ significantly from those of alum. Both alum and ferric chloride can be used to generate inorganic polymeric coagulants.
Which has minimum flocculation value?
The minimum concentration of an electrolyte required to cause coagulation of a sol is called its flocculation value. It is expressed in millimoles per litre. If the flocculation value of MgSO4 for standard As2S3 sol is 3.33.
Which has maximum flocculation value for positive Sol?
Maximum flocculation value will be for the electrolyte having minimum coagulating power. Hence, NaCl having lowest charge will have minimum coagulation power and hence, maximum flocculation value.
Which ion has maximum flocculation value for a positive Sol?
Fe(OH)3 is positively charged. Hence Cl- ions with minimum opposite charge will have maximum flocculation value (minimum cagulating power).
