Table of Contents
Clay swelling occurs when water-base filtrates from drilling, completion, workover or stimulation fluids enter the formation. Clay swelling can be caused by ion exchange or changes in salinity. The nature of the reaction depends on the structure of the clays and their chemical state at the moment of contact.
How does clay react with water?
(1) Hydration occurs as clay packets absorb water and swell. (2) Dispersion (or disaggregation) causes clay platelets to break apart and disperse into the water due to loss of attractive forces as water forces the platelets farther apart.
Why does clay soil swell in the presence of water?
Due to the physical and chemical properties of some clays (such as the Lias Group) large swelling occurs when water is absorbed. Conversely when the water dries up these clays contract (shrink). The presence of these clay minerals is what allows soils to have the capacity to shrink and swell.
Why does clay swell more than sandstone?
clay has a porous property which is greater than the podium property of sandstone.. clay swells more because it has the property to absorb more water than sandstone..
Does water weaken clay?
Water content significantly modifies their cohesion. As water content increases – cohesion decreases. This is because increasing water content causes greater separation of clay particles (and thus easier slippage) and further, causes softening of soil cements.
What are the 4 types of clay?
There are four main types of clay to consider for your project and each has its pros and cons. It is important to understand the properties and general use of the material for the best results. Those clays are Earthenware, Porcelain, Stoneware, and Ball Clay.
What are the 4 properties of clay?
The small size of the particles and their unique crystal structures give clay materials special properties. These properties include: cation exchange capabilities, plastic behaviour when wet, catalytic abilities, swelling behaviour, and low permeability.
How do you fix clay swelling?
The most common swelling clays are smectite and smectite mixtures that create an almost impermeable barrier for fluid flow when they are located in the larger pores of a reservoir rock. In some cases, brines such as potassium chloride [KCl] are used in completion or workover operations to avoid clay swelling.
Which clay mineral gives maximum swelling?
minerals, montmorillonite has the strongest swelling ability followed by illite/smectite (I/S) mixed clays and chlorite.
Is chlorite a swelling clay?
In lower exchange capacity clays such as kaolinite, illite and chlorite, hydration does not cause swelling but can generate sufficient osmotic pressure to cause separation of individual clay platelets which, under the influence of flowing liquid, are dispersed into the pore network.
Why does montmorillonite clay swell?
Water sorption is an important characteristic of natural clay particles. Water molecules cause swelling in montmorillonite. This swelling is a result of complex montmorillonite-water interactions between particles and within the particle itself.
Is kaolinite a swelling clay?
Kaolinite has a 1:1 layer structure, and a small base exchange capacity (3.3 meq/100 g for kaolinite). It is non-swelling clay but can easily disperse and migrate [46]. However, water causes clay hydration and swelling and, therefore, decreases in permeability.
Do all clays swell?
All clays are susceptible to some shrinkage and swelling due to changes in moisture content. Those with a higher proportion of expansive clay minerals, such as smectite, are even more prone. The depth of shrinkage and swelling is contained by the zone where moisture changes are most likely to occur.
What happens when clay gets wet?
Wet clay contains a large amount of water, a minimum of 25%, actually. When clay starts to dry, water evaporates from it. As this happens, the particles of clay are drawn closer together resulting in shrinkage. Porcelain clay has very fine particle sizes which makes it very plastic and also shrinks the most.
What is watered down clay called?
STUDY. Slip. watered down clay that can be used as pottery glue.
What is water content for clay soil?
2.4 Available water content Soil Available water content in mm water depth per m soil depth (mm/m) sand 25 to 100 loam 100 to 175 clay 175 to 250.
What does it take to smooth out regular clay?
To smooth the surface of air dry clay you can use a little bit of water and either your fingers or silicone rubber sculpting tools to smooth the surface as much as possible before you let the clay dry. You can further smooth the clay surface after it has dried by sanding it with some fine-grit sandpaper.
What 3 things does a clay body consist of?
Typical clay bodies are built with three main ingredients: clay, feldspar, and silica. Depending on the firing temperature, the ratios between plastic materials (clays) and the non-plastic materials (feldspar, silica) change to produce bodies of excellent workability (1), proper vitrification, and glaze fit.
What are the 3 most common types of clay?
The three most common types of clay are earthenware, stoneware, and kaolin. Earthenware, or common clay, contains many minerals, such as iron oxide (rust), and in its raw state may contain some sand or small bits of rock.
What are the 5 properties of clay?
Soil with a large amount of clay is sometimes hard to work with, due to some of clay’s characteristics. Particle Size. Structure. Organic Content. Permeablity and Water-Holding Capacity. Identifying Clay.
What are the five characteristics of clay?
What are the characteristics of clay? Plasticity – sticky, the ability to form and retain the shape by an outside force, has a unique “crystal” structure of the molecules, plate like, flat, 2 dimensional, water affects it. Particle size – very tiny – less than 2 microns, 1 millionth of a meter. (.
What is the enemy of clay?
why is plaster the enemy of clay?Nov 13, 2011.
Why do smectite clays swell?
Smectite clays are a natural product of the weathering and decomposition of igneous rocks. cations readily adsorb surrounding water, and, because of the limited layer charge, smectite minerals can easily swell with the influx of water into the interlayer.
How can you tell if clay is expansive?
3. Signs of expansive soils Cracked foundation or basement walls. Soil pulled back from foundation in dry seasons. Sloping floors. Spongy floors. Doors and windows that rub or stick. Self-closing or opening doors. Gaps at top, bottom or side of doors. Garage door gaps at bottom corners.
Can a saturated clay swell?
During periods of heavy rain, clay holds a large amount of water in its small pore space between particles. Saturated clay soils hold so much water the oxygen is excluded. Clay soil has a high shrink-swell capacity. As the particles shrink they separate and cause cracks, from whisper thin to an inch or more.
Is illite a swelling clay?
Characterization of Bitumen Modified Swelling Clay Minerals The two distinct types of swelling clay minerals, montmorillonite and Illite-smectite, contained different amounts of carbon after reaction with bitumen followed by cyclohexane bitumen removal.
What type of clay is kaolinite?
Kaolinite is aluminosilicate clay and its layer structure is of the 1:1 type. The basic structural unit of kaolinite consists of one tetrahedral (Si–O) sheet and one octahedral (Al–O) layer; the stoichiometric formula is Al2Si2O5(OH)4 [46].
What minerals are in clay soil?
Clay minerals are composed essentially of silica, alumina or magnesia or both, and water, but iron substitutes for aluminum and magnesium in varying degrees, and appreciable quantities of potassium, sodium, and calcium are frequently present as well.
