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How do you find the degree of flocculation? The degree of flocculation was determined 8, 9 following the equation β= F/Fα, where F is the ultimate sedimentation volume in the flocculated suspension and Fα is the ultimate sedimentation volume in the deflocculated suspension.
How do you calculate flocculation?
The most basic method of studying particle aggregation is by direct microscopic observation of particles. Simply counting the number of particles and aggregates in a defined volume of suspension over a sufficient time period can give direct information on aggregation rate.
What is the flocculation process?
Flocculation is a process by which a chemical coagulant added to the water acts to facilitate bonding between particles, creating larger aggregates which are easier to separate. The method is widely used in water treatment plants and can also be applied to sample processing for monitoring applications.
What is an ideal suspension?
An ideal suspension must possess the following properties:- 1 It should settle slowly and should be readily re-dispersed on gentle shaking of the container. 2 The particle size of the suspension remains fairly constant throughout its long period of undisturbed standing .
What is the formula for alum?
KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O
Why is flocculation important?
Used water can contain significant amounts of suspended particulate matter, which often takes long to sediment. Flocculation expedites sedimentation and ensures efficient solid/liquid separation.
What is Flocculated Deflocculated suspension?
Flocculated Suspension: A flocculated suspension is a suspension in which particles have undergone flocculation. Deflocculated Suspension: A deflocculated suspension is a suspension where no flocculation has taken place.
How often can you use flocculant?
You can reuse a clarifier after 5-7 days, but if you’re constantly seeing cloudy water, there may be other problems. Adding too much flocculant can cause its own issues.
Can you drink flocculant?
In addition, coagulants and flocculants are expensive, which is why you want to avoid adding more than are necessary to the water; drinking water treatment plants use “jar tests” to identify the optimal coagulant and flocculant concentrations. Do not drink any of your water samples—even if they appear clear.
How many types of suspension are there in pharmacy?
Based on the route of administration, suspensions can be classified as oral, topical, ophthalmic, otic, or nasal suspensions. Each of these present unique challenges and requirements in terms of desired quality attributes. These are briefly described as follows: 1.
What is a flocculating agent?
Flocculating agents are chemical additives that cause suspended solids to form aggregates called flocs. The type of flocculant used depends on the type of solid–liquid separation being performed.
How can flocculation be prevented?
When particles of a suspension come close together they can form aggregates called flocculates which will settle more rapidly. To prevent that we often coat the particle with a charged surfactant. The charge (Zeta potential) acts to keep the particles separate and prevent flocculation.
What is difference between flocculation and Deflocculation?
The key difference between flocculation and deflocculation is that flocculation is the formation of flocs by the clumping of fine particles, whereas deflocculation is the dispersion of flocs to form a stable colloid. Flocculation refers to the formation of clumps from fine particles in a colloid.
Is FeCl3 a coagulant?
Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is the most common iron salt used to achieve coagulation. Its reactions in the coagulation process are similar to those of alum, but its relative solubility and pH range differ significantly from those of alum. Both alum and ferric chloride can be used to generate inorganic polymeric coagulants.
What makes a good flocculant?
Polymers are useful as flocculants because they are robust molecules and sometimes carry charges. Because they are so large, small particles can get trapped in the curves of the polymer causing them to accumulate a mass heavy enough to prevent their retention in solution.
Is alum a coagulant or flocculant?
To accomplish this, the water is treated with aluminum sulfate, commonly called alum, which serves as a flocculant. Raw water often holds tiny suspended particles that are very difficult for a filter to catch. Alum causes them to clump together so that they can settle out of the water or be easily trapped by a filter.
What are the side effects of alum?
Side effects of Alum The excessive amount of alum intake may cause breathing difficulty, facial puffiness, pricking sensation & small ulcers on the skin, chest/throat tightness, and burns rarely seen in some cases.
Does flocculant affect pH?
Because flocculants can affect the pH level, you’ll want to start out with it at about 7.0 so you can make sure your sanitizer keeps working at maximum efficiency.
What is flocculant for?
Used in a wide range of industries and applications, flocculants help to remove suspended solids from wastewater by aggregating contaminants into flakes or “flocs” that float to the surface of the water or settle at the bottom. They can also be used for lime softening, sludge thickening, and solids dehydration.
Does alum increase pH?
Ionic species present in alum solutions are highly dependent on the degree of reaction with hydroxyl ions. It is tempting to say that “the composition is pH-dependent.” However, in the vicinity of pH=4.3 the composition of alum solutions changes a great deal with very little change in pH.
Why are some drugs suspended?
Substances can be chemically unstable, insoluble in water, distasteful etc. Suspensions are often used as a dosage form when the drug is insoluble in water and when use of solubilizing agents is not possible.
Which are the flocculating agents of soil?
In soils, the flocculation process concerns mostly the clay particles present. Clay particles usually possess net negative charge and therefore they electrostatically attract positively charged ions, such as Ca2+ cations, which form bridges, holding the particles together.
What is an example of flocculation?
Flocculation and coagulation treatment chemicals are used in effluent wastewater water treatment processes for solids removal, water clarification, lime softening, sludge thickening, and solids dewatering. Examples of ChemTreat coagulation products include aluminum salts, iron salts, and polyelectrolytes.
How do you dissolve flocculant?
Bleach or sodium hypochlorite can be used to break down polyacrylamide-based flocculants.
Is Salt a flocculant?
5.1. Inorganic salts of multivalent metals are effective flocculants. The multivalent metal cations in these salts neutralize the cell surface charge and bridge cells together to facilitate flocculation [15, 66].
