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Substances commonly used buffering agents in pharmaceutical suspensions include salts of week acids such as carbonates, citrates, gluconates, phosphate, and tartrates. Amongst these, citrates and phosphates with their respective pharmaceutically accepted salts are commonly used in pharmaceutical suspensions.
What are examples of excipients?
Table 1 Common excipients used in tablets Excipient Examples Disintegrants Compounds which swell or dissolve in water e.g. starch, cellulose derivatives and alginates, crospovidone Glidants Colloidal anhydrous silicon and other silica compounds Lubricants Stearic acid and its salts (e.g. magnesium stearate).
What are the suspension suspension ingredients?
The most commonly used vehicle for the formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions is purified water. In a few instances, viscous nonaqueous solvents, such as propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols, are used as vehicles to impart stability to suspended drug particles.
Why are some drugs suspended?
Substances can be chemically unstable, insoluble in water, distasteful etc. Suspensions are often used as a dosage form when the drug is insoluble in water and when use of solubilizing agents is not possible.
Is water an excipient?
Water is one of the major utilities used by the pharmaceutical industry. It may be present as an excipient or used for reconstitution of products, during synthesis, during production of the finished product or as a cleaning agent for rinsing vessels, equipment, primary packaging materials, etc.
Can inactive ingredients cause side effects?
Drug Side Effects Can Come From Inactive Ingredients : Shots – Health News Drugmakers add inactive ingredients to stabilize medications and sometimes to help the body absorb the active ingredients. But the inactive constituents can cause side effects in rare cases.
What are the qualities of ideal suspension?
Desirable properties of suspensions are that they should have good organoleptic properties, suspensions should possess good pourability leading to ease of removal of dose from container, the particle size distribution should be uniform, there should be ease of re dispersion of settled solid particles, they should be Dec 8, 2015
Why are excipients important?
Excipients are used to facilitate the manufacture and use of medicines. Without excipients, it would not be feasible to formulate some drugs into appropriate medicinal products. Excipients are also important because some of them can cause harm.
What is a suspension example?
Ans: Common examples of suspension include the mixture of chalk and water, muddy water, the mixture of flour and water, a mixture of dust particles and air, fog, milk of magnesia, etc. In it, particles of the solute do not dissolve in the solution and are rather suspended.
Which are suspending agents?
A suspending agent is a liquid in which a solid substance can be held in suspension. The drug is held in the suspension by a suspending agent, and does not settle at the bottom. If the tablet is dissolved in a suspending agent, this will help suspend any insoluble components in the liquid.
Which is the best suspending agent?
3.9. 1 Aqueous Suspending Agents. The most common suspending agents are aqueous biological polymers, including methylcellulose (MC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).
What is required for an excipient?
In order to market an excipient, there is no regulatory requirement that there must be a compendial monograph for the material. However, other regulations may define a suitable quality which could be used (e.g. Food Chemical Codex).
Does excipients have pharmacological effects?
Excipients are inert pharmaceutical ingredients that are used in product formulations. Excipients may perform a variety of functional roles in the pharmaceutical product. In the vast majority of cases, excipients have limited (if any) pharmacological activity, unlike the API.
What is suspending agent example?
: a substance (such as carrageenan, xanthan gum, or cellulose ether) that is added to fluids to promote particle suspension or dispersion and reduce sedimentation All these drinks can contain preservatives, and drinks other than juices can contain additives to colour, flavour and sweeten.
How can you prevent suspension from sedimentation?
Slow down sedimentation by increasing viscosity of continuous phase. Velocity increases with the square of particle size making this the most critical parameter. For concentrated systems a crowding factor must be introduced which incorporates the phase volume Φ.
Is bentonite a suspending agent?
Bentonite is an absorbent natural smectite clay. It has a colloidal structure in water. Bentonite is used as a suspending and rheological agent.
What is the role of a suspending agent in a suspension polymerization?
Suspending agents that hindercoalescence may be either water soluble polymers, often called protective colloids, or finely divided insoluble inorganic compounds. It can be claimed that the suspending agent increases the viscosity of the continuous aqueous phase, thus improving dispersion.
How do you make flocculated suspension?
Electrolyte and ionic surfactant can be used as flocculating agents to produce a flocculated suspension. suspension prepared without flocculating agent is a deflocculated one. The physical stability of the suspension is assist by determining the sedimentation volume or degree of flocculation.
What are 5 examples of suspension?
Examples of Suspension Muddy water. Milk of magnesia. Sand particles suspended in water. Flour in water. Slaked lime for whitewashing. Paints in which dyes are suspended in turpentine oil.
Can excipients cause side effects?
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF EXCIPIENTS. Adverse effects due to excipients in drug formulations are generally uncommon but the potential for toxicity is increased at high mg per kg doses especially in neonates and infants. Dose related toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions are well documented in the literature.
What is pharmaceutical suspension?
A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion of insoluble solid particles in a liquid medium. The particle diameter in a suspension is usually greater than 0.5 µm. Suspensions are an important class of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
What is the difference between active ingredients and excipients?
Pharmaceuticals. The dosage form for a pharmaceutical contains the active pharmaceutical ingredient, which is the drug substance itself, and excipients, which are the ingredients of the tablet, or the liquid in which the active agent is suspended, or other material that is pharmaceutically inert.
Are excipients harmful?
Generally, pharmaceutical excipients have been considered to be pharmacologically inactive and safe. Some pharmaceutical excipients have been associated with toxicity in neonates. The extent of excipient use in neonatal medicines is still poorly studied.
Why are suspending agents used?
They help in lowering the sedimentation rate of particles in suspension. They usually prevent caking at the base of an suspension . It could be resuspendend by agitation. It is majorly used as an excipients to help active pharmaceutical ingredients stay suspended in formulation.
What are the advantages of suspension?
The following advantages can be obtained by formulating API as a suspension dosage form. Suspensions are a useful drug delivery system for therapeutic agents that have a low solubility. Pharmaceutical suspensions may be formulated to mask the unpleasant/ bitter taste of drug.
